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Just as interactive graphics have
enhanced engineering analysis and design, we have found that graphics-based
musculoskeletal models are effective tools for visualizing human movement,
analyzing the functional capacity of muscles, and designing improved surgical
procedures. We have created computer models of many different musculoskeletal
structures.
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Upper
Extremity Model
Fifteen degree-of-freedom model of the human upper extremity that
has the strength of a young, adult male and includes the lines of
action and parameters of fifty muscle-tendon actuators. The model
includes the kinematics of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, thumb,
and forefinger. |
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Lower
Extremity Model
Seven degree-of-freedom model of the human lower extremity that has
the strength of a young, adult male and includes the lines of action
and parameters of forty-three muscles. The model includes the kinematics
of the hip, knee, ankle, subtalar, and proximal metatarsal joints.
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Deformable
Lower Extremity Model
Four degree-of-freedom model of the human lower extremity with a "deformable"
femur that characterizes the geometry of the pelvis, femur, and proximal
tibia, the kinematics of the hip and tibiofemoral joints, and the
paths of the medial hamstrings, iliopsoas, and adductor muscles for
an average-sized adult male. |
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MR-Based
Lower Extremity Models
Four degree-of-freedom models of three lower extremity cadaveric specimens
and four subjects with cerebral palsy that were created from MR images.
The models characterize the geometry of the pelvis, femur, and proximal
tibia, the kinematics of the hip and tibiofemoral joints, and the
paths of the hamstrings, iliopsoas, and adductor muscles. |
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Human Neck
Model
Three degree-of-freedom model of the human neck. The model characterizes
the moment arms, force- and moment-generating capacities of nineteen
muscles over physiological ranges of neck flexion, extension, axial
rotation and lateral bending. |
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Cat
Neck Model
Model of the cat neck that characterizes the sagittal-plane kinematics
at the skull-C1, and between each of the cervical vertebrae and includes
five muscle-tendon actuators. This model was used together with experimental
data to study the control of head movement. |
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Tyrannosaurus Rex
Model
Ten degree-of-freedom model of the tyrannosaurus rex lower extremity.
The model includes the kinematics of the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal
joints and thirty-three muscle-tendon actuators. |
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